One
of the most promising renewable energy technologies is solar power
which allows generating electricity from free, unlimited sunlight. It’s
one of the rapid growth industry and technology which contributes
significantly to homeowners and commercial industry. It would be a
reasonable and useful solution for new power generation installations in
developing countries to be powered by carbon emission free sources like
solar. Solar seems perfect for countries with lots of sun exposure and
no efficient way of bringing the conventional power grid to remote
locations. But solar still faces a number of obstacles before it can
really replace fossil fuels for power generation. However, there are
many unexpected challenges with solar electrification that entrepreneurs
are learning about while doing business in these developing countries.
The Levelized Cost of Solar Power
Levelized cost of Solar Power is a term which describes the cost of the
power produced by solar over a period of time, typically the warranted
life of the system. It is the capital cost for solar power plants which
is high initially. Moreover, there are on-going maintenance costs for
both types and the cost of financing any loans.
Intensity of Solar Radiation
Intensity of solar radiation is one of the main obstacles to the
extensive application of solar power. It varies with different locations
of the world. The amount of useful solar energy incident in any
particular location is highly dependent on latitude and climate. The
equator receives the most annual solar energy and the poles receive the
least. Dry climates receive more solar energy than those with cloud
cover.
Required Land Space
A good amount of land space is required for solar farms, as power
generation is directly proportional to the surface area covered.
Therefore, the largest solar farms in the world are built in deserts and
huge open spaces. However, this is not feasible in smaller countries
with limited landmass, or even for larger countries where a land
compromise develops restricting the use of agricultural land for
developing solar farm.
Transmission
Sufficient transmission is required to transport the power to urban load
centres. Intermittent resources like solar can pose distinctive
problems in transmission planning and in efficient operation of
transmission infrastructure, causing in higher transmission costs,
increased congestion, and even generation limitations when sufficient
transmission capacity is not available. Due to potential transmission
barriers, solar project developers will need to evaluate the economic
trade-off of locating where the resource is best versus locating nearer
to loads where transmission barriers are less possible.
Reliability
Reliability is one major problem with solar power. A solar panel can
produce electricity for maximum 12 hours a day and a panel can only
reach peak output for a short period around noon. Solar panels with
tracker can track the sun spreading the major generation period fairly,
but it still means that panels employ very little of the day producing
at maximum capacity. During peak generation, storage batteries can be
charged by solar panels which help to supply a dribble of power at
night. But they can be costly, contain toxic materials and wear out
rapidly due to frequent charging and discharging cycles.
Efficiency of Solar Panel
Photovoltaic efficiency is another obstacle. In the desert area, a
single square meter of solar panel could receive the equivalent of more
than 6 kilowatt-hours of energy in the course of a single day. But a
solar panel cannot convert that much of energy to electricity. The
efficiency of a solar panel regulates usable power. Most commercial
solar panels have efficiency less than 25%. The more efficient a panel
is, the more expensive it is to produce.
Environmental Issues
Though generating power from solar is free from carbon emission,
manufacturing of solar panels and associated technologies can comprise
some environmentally unfriendly elements. Nitrogen trifluoride is a
common by product of electronics manufacture; including those used in
solar cells, and it is a greenhouse gas 17,000 times more potent than
carbon dioxide. Moreover, many solar cells contain small amounts of the
toxic metal cadmium, and the batteries required to store generated
electricity can contain a host of other heavy metals and dangerous
substances. As solar technology improves, manufacturers may be able to
move away from these potentially dangerous substances, but for now, they
ruin the otherwise notable environmental benefits solar power offers.
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