In
order to design a solar pv system, you need to follow following steps:
1. Determine the amount
of electricity (kWh) consumption and the electricity rate
It
is important to determine the amount of electricity consumption per year for
better understanding the economics of installing a solar system. On your
utility bill, your electricity usage is summarized wherein natural gas usage
should be excluded. As the path of the sun varies with the seasons, a solar PV
system would offset your electricity demands mostly in the summer months. It
should be also considered that most utility companies have a tier rate
structure based on consumption patterns and state mandates. A small PV system significantly helps to reduce your electricity demands for moving you to a different
tier, minimize your rates and saves your money.
2. Determine your
available roof space (sq-ft)
Knowing your available roof space is crucial for determining the quantity of
solar panels you can actually use. Based on the size of your house, you should
draw a diagram of your roof on a piece of paper. You can also use the free tool
Google SketchUp or a free CAD program DraftSight. After determining the size of
your roof, it is important to know how much of your roof faces towards the
equator (South in the northern hemisphere [USA, Canada, etc.], north in the
southern hemisphere [Australia, South America etc.]). Solar irradiance is
strongest coming from the equator and you will want to maximize your system
efficiency.
3. Determine your solar
radiation data and calculate the amount of energy you could produce
In
this case, you should use the official government statistics available on your
area. PV Watts’ or Solmetric's solar calculators also can be used.
4. Determine shading
issues
You
should be careful if there are obstacles like trees or buildings in the
vicinity of your roof which may cause shade. Shading decreases the output of
your system and may also damage the solar cells. Solar Pathfinder or Solmetric
Sun Eye should be used for detailed shading analysis.
5. Choose an appropriate
solar panel
Various
types of solar panels are available in the market. Therefore, it is very
important to choose an appropriate solar panel carefully. The solar rating and
the size (surface area) of the module are the most important factors. Although
the solar ratings might be the same for some modules, the voltage and current
output might vary. Therefore, it is advised to choose a lower voltage module
for smaller projects having capacity less than 4 kW. Factors like financial
limitations and color are also should be considered.
6. Choose an inverter
It
is very crucial to choose an inverter out of the many available in the market.
You can consider to use micro inverters which are easy to install and can
generate AC power directly from the solar panel. If you want to use a central
inverter, you should use the string sizing tools. The most important factors
for choosing appropriate size inverter are:
- The number of strings in the system.
- The maximum input current.
- The voltage on a string.
- The minimum ambient temperature during day light time when the system is supposed to run.
- The maximum ambient temperature of the location.
7. Select a racking
system to mount your solar PV system on your roof
It
should be remembered that the racking system will consist 10% to 25% of the
total costs. You should decide carefully which racking system is most suitable
for your budget and for your roof. The racking system is one of the key
components which protects both the roof and the modules and may last for at
least 20 years. A minor mistake with the racking can permanently damage the roof
or injure people or property.
Different
types of racking and mounting systems are available in the market for roof
mounted solar systems. Check the manufacturer's websites, read the installation
manual. Be aware of the plan and codes how you are going to mount the racking
system on the roof. Know about flashing solutions.
Using
an inexpensive racking solution does not mean lower quality, it might require more
effort to install it or the materials may be different. Additionally, as the
solar PV field matures unique racking solutions, such as hanging panels
vertically along an exterior wall, become more applicable.
8. Know your local and
state incentives; calculate how much money you could save
You
should check the websites of your local and state incentives provider. There
are also a number of other financial calculators available online. Most
importantly, you should estimate your electricity generation and compare it to
your utility rate. It should be remembered that different tier rates might
apply based on your energy consumption. Know about solar programs of your local
utility company and their applications process. Implement the benefit of tax
cuts and incentives.
9. Prepare your
documents
There
are different permitting processes in different location. In order to receive a
construction permit or to apply for an incentive, you must obtain the
equipments' (solar panel, inverter, racking) data sheets, submit a roof drawing and
electrical drawing. You can draw those on your own using the programs mentioned
above, or ask a professional to draw them for you. In order to determine the
wire sizes, voltage drops, AC and DC disconnect, electrical background and
knowledge is required. If you are not confident enough to do so, you should
contact an electrical engineer.
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4) Select a solar charge controller.
5) Select an inverter.
6) Balance of system.
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